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paleolitische en neolithische vrouwenbeeldjes

Algemene onderwerpen over godsdienst en mythologie.
Vergelijking verschillende godsdiensten, mythen, rituelen enz.

Berichtdoor willy » wo 27 aug , 2003 8:12

Standing nude female figure wearing boots

Afbeelding

Late 3rd millennium B.C.; Early Bronze Age.
Anatolia, Alaca Höyük, Tomb L. Silver and gold; H. 10.6 cm.
Ankara Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Turkey

This figurine along with a copper-alloy example was recovered from an elite tomb at Alaca Höyük.
They were found lying on their backs alongside a human body.
Both figurines are females and have essentially the same form: a semicircular head on a prominent neck, pinched waist, the suggestion of arms bent across and held close to the body, and round eyes.
This example has added gold breasts and boots, with the legs held apart.
Three of the thirteen tombs at Alaca were furnished with female figurines for reasons that are unclear.
Nude females have been represented in Anatolia since Neolithic times (ca. 7000–4000 B.C.), and these Early Bronze Age females continue that tradition and may be related to ideas of fertility or rebirth.


:mopper:
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Berichtdoor willy » wo 27 aug , 2003 12:41

Disk-shaped female figure

Afbeelding

Late 3rd millennium B.C.; Early Bronze Age.
Anatolia, Kültepe (ancient Kanesh).
Alabaster; H. 20.2 cm; W. 14.1 cm.
Kayseri Archaeological Museum, Turkey

The sculptural tradition in Anatolia of making voluptuous and naturalistically executed female figurines dates back to the ceramic Neolithic period.
At the end of the Early Bronze Age the more naturalistically formed anthropomorphic representations are produced alongside highly stylized schematic figurines often referred to by scholars as idols.
The schematic type, peculiar to western and central Anatolia, comprises flat figurines of various sizes, round or violin-shaped, with modeled or triangular heads. Some of the figurines may represent males.
The majority, however, are female.
This figure has a modeled head on an elongated neck and is intricately carved, which brings a touch of naturalism to the otherwise geometric figure; there are circular eyes, distinctive joined eyebrows, emphasizing a long straight nose, crescent-shaped ears, and full lips.
A thick braid encircles the forehead and falls at the back of the head in multiple plaits.
A smaller single figure with two triangular heads is carved in relief on the lower abdomen of the main figure.
Only the eyes and joined eyebrows are detailed on the smaller figure.
Carving and drilling add the details.
The pubic area on both figures is emphasized with triangles decorated with parallel lines and stippling, suggesting a female.
Thus the present figurine may represent a mother-goddess with her two female children.
At the same time, the overall shape of the figure is very phallic, giving it an almost androgynous nature, which may also be associated with fertility.

[url=http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/First_Cities/divine_anatolia.htm]http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/
First_Cities/divine_anatolia.htm[/url]
:mopper:



Edited By admin on 07 september 2003 at 20:31
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Berichtdoor willy » wo 27 aug , 2003 12:49

Mould for jewelry, seals, and amulets

Afbeelding

Late 3rd millennium B.C.; Early Bronze Age.
Anatolia, Titris Höyük, house.
Black stone; H. and W. 7.5 cm
Urfa Museum, Turkey

Stone moulds are a good source of evidence for the mass production of both metal jewelry and stamp seals during the third millennium B.C.
These moulds have shallow negative depressions in various shapes and often also have holes for the dowels that would have originally attached them to an uncarved top slab to hold the molten metal (probably lead) that formed these objects.
This mould comes from eastern Anatolia although others possibly originate in western Anatolia, and examples are known from Mesopotamia.
Although some of the negative forms look exclusively Anatolian, others resemble actual artifacts from both Syria and Mesopotamia.
It is possible that itinerant smiths were responsible for trinket production, responding to local preferences.
The most impressive and commonly represented image on the moulds is that of a nude female with prominent high breasts, a concentric circle to indicate the navel, and a large patterned pubic triangle.
She has long hair, horizontal neck rings, and may wear bracelets and a girdle.
Her forearms are pulled in toward the belly, and the thighs curve inward with knees and calves held together.
Actual lead figures made from such moulds have been found at Troy in western Anatolia and Tell Brak in Syria.


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Berichtdoor willy » wo 27 aug , 2003 12:54

Seated female figurines

Afbeelding

Late 3rd millennium B.C.; Namazga V.
Western Central Asia, Altyn-depe, settlement, Excavation 9.
A: Terracotta; H. 13.7 cm . Building 10(a).
The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia
B: Terracotta; H. 16.2 cm . Building 11, crypt.
The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia

These figurines of seated women have triangles indicating their outstretched arms. The long, narrow waists transition smoothly into broad hips.
The figurines' lower halves are bent at a seventy to ninety degree angle, creating the impression of a seated pose.
On the long necks are heads with hooked noses jutting forward, indicated by a simple tuck, and almond-shaped, appliquéd eyes with narrow slits, above which eyebrows have been scratched in with tiny pinpricks.
The high headdresses (or coiffures) are decorated in front with fanned-out lines.
The figurines are made of high-quality clay with a light-colored coating and are superbly fired.
In all likelihood they were intended for long-term use.
Such figurines are found close to or inside tombs.
Characteristic of Altyn-depe, these figures are similar to those found in Baluchistan and may be related to ideas of fertility or rebirth.

[url=http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/First_Cities/divine_wcentasia.htm]http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/
First_Cities/divine_wcentasia.htm[/url]
:mopper:



Edited By admin on 07 september 2003 at 20:37
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Berichtdoor willy » wo 27 aug , 2003 12:58

Compartmented stamp seal with winged goddess on a dragon

Afbeelding

Late 3rd–early 2nd millennium B.C. Silver.
Western Central Asia, Gonur-depe, Tomb 570.
The National Museum of Turkmenistan named after Saparmurat Turkmenbashi, Ashgabat

This seal depicts a female figure wearing a tufted full-length robe.
This image is well known in the art of western Central Asia.
However, here the female is shown with wings suggesting that we are looking at a deity.
This might relate the figure to the image of the Mesopotamian goddess Ishtar who is shown with outstretched wings from the Akkadian period onward.
This female is shown with her face in profile looking to the right, and she sits sidesaddle on a scaly dragon facing backward.
The dragon has its tail curling up toward its rider.
The monster's tail and front paws cross the frame of the seal, and its mouth is open in a snarl.
On this seal the deity wears a full-length tufted robe.
The knob rising out of the seal was presumably used for holding the seal while making impressions.


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Berichtdoor willy » wo 27 aug , 2003 13:02

Vessel fragment with an image of a goddess

Afbeelding

ca. 2400–2250 B.C.; Early Dynastic IIIB.
Mesopotamia. Cuneiform inscription in Sumerian.
Diabase; H. 25.1 cm; W. 18.6 cm, original Diam. approx. 40 cm .
Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Vorderasiatisches Museum

This carved stone fragment was apparently part of a vessel.
It presents the image of a goddess in low relief and part of an inscription that filled the vessel's neck area.
The image employs an unusual perspective.
Although the head and upper torso are shown en face, the right side of the body is rendered in profile.
As a result the goddess appears quiet stocky and clumsy.
The deity, identified by the horns on her crown, wears a short garment beneath a cloak thrown over her left shoulder.
Her horned crown is adorned with vegetation and a kind of mask.
Her hair, woven into four braids, falls down across her shoulders, from which sprout six shapes that could possibly be poppy-seed capsules.
In her right hand the goddess holds a cluster of dates.
Unfortunately, the inscription on the rim of the vessel fails to identify the goddess. Even so, the inscription is similar to building inscriptions composed by Enmetena, ruler of Lagash commemorating his construction of a brewery for Ningirsu, patron god of Lagash.
Because of her attributes, the cluster of dates and the poppy pods, the figure is possibly a vegetation deity and could represent the grain goddess Nisaba.


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Berichtdoor willy » wo 27 aug , 2003 13:08

Composite seated female figure

Afbeelding

Late 3rd–early 2nd millennium B.C.
Western Central Asia, Gonur-depe, Tomb 1799.
Steatite or chlorite; H. without head: 7 cm; W. 9.8 cm .
The National Museum of Turkmenistan named after Saparmurat Turkmenbashi, Ashgabat.

Excavations at Gonur in Turkmenistan have revealed several similar composite sculptures of seated females.
The figure is composed of two separately made body parts carved to represent a tufted garment.
Independently made is a light colored stone head, with no hair or covering preserved, and hands, the latter designed to rest on the female's lap.
Nearly all examples depict the female either seated or squatting, with her lap extend forward.
The majority of bodies were carved in one piece, but at least ten, including this one, are made in two neatly joining parts.
Similar females also appear decorating metal vessels, pins, and stamp seals, sometimes winged and astride dragons.
Such depictions might suggest that the female is a divinity or has supernatural connections.


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Berichtdoor els » do 28 aug , 2003 23:25

Het ziet er wel indrukwekkend uit zeg, zo'n hele verzameling. Bedankt voor al die moeite, Willy. En vooral bedankt voor die Soemerische afbeelding, die misschien Nisaba is!! :kus:

Het lijkt me wel leuk om het eens in een schema te zetten, met een tijdlijn, kenmerken en vindplaatsen en zo. Ik moet nog verzinnen hoe ik het doe. Het moet er ook een beetje overzichtelijk uitzien.
els
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Berichtdoor willy » vr 29 aug , 2003 7:49

Pink marble figurine of the Syrian fishtailed goddess Atargatis

Afbeelding

Deity associated with creation and fertility.
Flat-backed form, with excellent detail and signs of build-up on the stone.
Atargatis is believed to have been a composite deity combining attributes of Anath and Astarte.
Northern Syria, circa 2nd millennium B.C.
Height: 6.3 cm


:mopper:

Els, deze beelden kan ik niet scheiden, kan u dat? Ze nemen teveel plaats in.

willy



Edited By admin on 07 september 2003 at 20:51
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Berichtdoor willy » vr 29 aug , 2003 7:52

Syrian cultic figure of a mother and child.

Afbeelding



Edited By admin on 07 september 2003 at 20:49
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Berichtdoor willy » vr 29 aug , 2003 7:56

Deze tekst hoort bij: Syrian cultic figure of a mother and child.

Freestanding, of hollow terracotta and flat-backed form; very minor traces of red pigmentation.
Circa mid to late 2nd millennium B.C. Syria.
Height: 22.1 cm


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Berichtdoor willy » vr 29 aug , 2003 8:00

Indus Valley hollow pottery figure of a mother goddess.

Afbeelding

Circa early 3rd millenium B.C.
Bajaur Valley, Pakistan
Height: 17.5 cm


:mopper:



Edited By admin on 07 september 2003 at 20:42
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Berichtdoor willy » vr 29 aug , 2003 8:07

Zhob pottery mother goddess figurine.

Afbeelding

Accompanied by a custom display stand.
circa early 3rd millennium B.C.
Zhob culture, Indus Valley,
Height: 12.3 cm


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Edited By admin on 07 september 2003 at 20:41
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Berichtdoor willy » vr 29 aug , 2003 8:11

Mehrgarh pottery figure of a mother goddess

Afbeelding

Portrayed seated with arms extended.
Left arm absent.
Accompanied by display stand.
circa first half of 3rd millennium B.C.
Mehrgarh area, Upper Indus River Valley
Height: 14 cm


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Edited By admin on 07 september 2003 at 20:39
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Berichtdoor willy » vr 29 aug , 2003 12:36

Phallic figurine

Afbeelding

Afbeelding

Natufian, about 10,000 years old
Probably from the cave of Ain Sakhri, Wadi Khareitoun, Judea

Small sculpture of a human couple making love
The natural shape of a calcite cobble has been used to represent the outline of the lovers.
Their heads, arms and legs appear as raised areas around which the surface has been picked away with a stone point or chisel.
The figures look at one another but have no faces.
The arms of one hug the shoulders of the other and its knees are bent up underneath those of the slightly smaller figure.
The image is also phallic whichever way you look at it.
The piece was found by a Bedouin in the Wadi Khareitoun, and is thought to have come from the cave of Ain Sakhri.
This site was occupied in the early Natufian period when the people of this region were beginning to domesticate sheep and goats instead of living by hunting wild animals.
The sculpture may have had special significance at this time, perhaps representing ideas about fertility or, reflecting new understanding of the part men played in reproduction.
Less complex sculptures of phalli are known from other sites of this period.
Height: 10.2 cm

Nederlandse tekst: Ain Sakhri

Kunst met een erotische ondertoon is aangetroffen in de grot van el-Wad in de regio Carmel nabij Haifa in Israël.
Deze hoort thuis in de Natufische cultuur die bloeide in het laatste deel van het laat-paleolithische tijdperk, van ongeveer 12.800 tot 10.300 BP.
Een opmerkelijk stuk erotische kunst, met een afbeelding van geslachtsgemeenschap en bekend als het beeldje van Ain Sakhri, stamt ook uit de Levant en is waarschijnlijk van Natufische leeftijd, hoewel het verhaal van de ontdekking het onmogelijk maakt de datering aan een bepaalde tijdsperiode te verbinden.
Het object werd gevonden bij een plaatselijke bedoeïen in de woestijn, een paar kilometer ten zuiden van Bethlehem, en werd van hem gekocht en in een klein museum met prehistorische antiquiteiten gezet dat was opgericht door Franse priesters.
In 1933 zagen de Franse vice-consul van Palestina, René Neuville (die eveneens prehistoricus was) en Abbé Henri Breuil, de deskundige op het gebied van prehistorische kunst, het voorwerp.
Zij waren het erover eens dat het een echt artefact was, dat stamde uit de Natufische periode.
Neuville kocht het object en in 1958, een paar jaar na zijn dood, werd het geveild bij Sotheby's en aangekocht door het British Museum, waar het zich nu nog bevindt.
Recentelijk onderzochten Jill Cook van het British Museum en Brian Boyd van de universiteit van Cambridge het object en de oorsprong ervan opnieuw.
Ze concludeerden dat er geen werkelijke reden was om eraan te twijfelen dat het voorwerp inderdaad zeer oud was.
Het zou echter, omdat het geen archeologische context had (dat wil zeggen, het was niet door een archeoloog gevonden in zijn oorspronkelijke omgeving), kunnen thuishoren in de Natufische periode óf de daaropvolgende vroege neolithische periode, misschien zelfs later.
Uit welke van deze periode van de steentijd het ook komt, het is een zeer opmerkelijke prehistorische uitbeelding van de geslachtsgemeenschap.
Het beeldje is gemaakt uit een calcietsteentje en is bewerkt met behulp van een stenen beitel om een opmerkelijk driedimensionaal exemplaar van een ‘double entendre’ te produceren.
Want terwijl het beeldje twee geliefden afbeeldt in de seksuele positie getoond in figuur 31, heeft het ook vanuit iedere mogelijke hoek duidelijk fallische connotaties. Of het nou bekeken wordt van kant A of kant C, het beeldje wekt duidelijk de indruk van twee penissen naast elkaar en duidt misschien wel op homoseksuele praktijken; in deze lezing van het beeld worden de hoofden van de geliefden de toppen van de twee penissen.
Ook van de kanten B en D gezien is het fallische effect duidelijk.
Van bovenaf bekeken lijken de twee hoofden de testikels weer te geven, terwijl de onderkant doet denken aan de eikel van een penis.
Zowel de complexiteit van de seksuele symboliek als de genialiteit waarmee het idee in steen is uitgevoerd maken het voorwerp volkomen uniek.
Vergeleken hiermee vallen de Natufische fallusobjecten in het niet, hoewel we kunnen zien dat ze kunnen toebehoren aan vergelijkbare, zo niet identieke artistieke tradities.

Boek: Het stenen tijdperk, Richard Rudgley, Bosch & Keuning, 1999.

[url=http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/europe/western/western.html]http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/
europe/western/western.html[/url]
:mopper:



Edited By admin on 05 september 2003 at 10:19
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Berichtdoor willy » vr 29 aug , 2003 15:15

Moulded clay figure

Afbeelding

Elamite, about 1400-1200 BC
From Susa, south-west Iran

One of many figures mass produced in moulds
This terracotta figurine was excavated at Susa in 1852 by W.K. Loftus.
It is one of a series of some 200 essentially identical examples, all made in moulds. Some forty of these are now in the British Museum.
The figures are female and amply proportioned.
They either wear jewelled briefs or, more probably, have stylized curls of pubic hair. They hold their breasts, betweeen which falls an elaborate pendant.
The woman represented may be a goddess, perhaps associated with fertility since her sexual features are exaggerated.
A closely comparable figurine has been found at the site of Haft Tepe, also in Khuzistan.
Haft Tepe was occupied, it seems, only during the fourteenth to thirteenth centuries BC, so any material found there can be relatively closely dated.
At Susa the long tradition of making such figures continued into the first half of the second millennium BC, although examples of this date were much slimmer and were not shown wearing pendants.
The figurine belongs to the Elamite culture of south-western Iran, which reached unprecedented heights of political and military power late in the second millennium BC.
Inscriptions began to be written in the Elamite language, which is still poorly understood.
Artistically the culture was very rich.

Length: 16.9 cm
Width: 7.6 cm

[url=http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/europe/western/western.html]http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/europe/
western/western.html[/url]
:mopper:



Edited By admin on 05 september 2003 at 10:22
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Berichtdoor willy » vr 29 aug , 2003 15:19

Ivory figurine

Afbeelding

Hittite, 14th-13th century BC
Probably from Anatolia (modern Turkey)

This figurine of a young Hittite girl is made of ivory.
Her hair is drawn back and hangs in a pig-tail down her back.
She stands in a formal pose with her hands by her sides.
The proportions of the figure, lacking curves, show her youth.
The treatment is naturalistic except for the stylized ears and the triangles indicating the knees.
The pubic triangle was originally inlaid, and other parts of the ivory may have been covered in precious metal.
The function of the figurine is unknown, but ivory was widely used in the ancient world to decorate furniture.
The dowel hole in the square base of the figure suggests it was once attached to something.
From around 1650 BC a Hittite king rebuilt Hattusa (modern Bogazköy) and made it his capital.
Between about 1400 and 1200 BC the Hittites established one of the great empires of the ancient Near East, extending into western Anatolia and south into Syria.
They adopted many of the traditions of Syria and Mesopotamia, including the cuneiform writing system, and vied with the Egyptians for control of the wealthy Canaanite cities on the coast.

Height: 11.27 cm

[url=http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/europe/western/western.html]http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world
/europe/western/western.html[/url]
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Edited By admin on 07 september 2003 at 20:57
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Berichtdoor willy » vr 29 aug , 2003 15:22

Limestone statue of a woman

Afbeelding

Middle Assyrian, about 1070-1056 BC
From Nineveh, northern Iraq
Found in the remains of the Temple of Ishtar

Most monumental public art in Mesopotamia was designed to glorify the male king. As a result, images of woman are rare.
This is the only known Assyrian statue of a naked woman.
It is also unusual in being sculpted in the round.
Few statues of this scale survive from ancient Mesopotamia.
Hormuzd Rassam discovered the statue in 1853 while excavating the remains of the Temple of Ishtar at the Assyrian city of Nineveh.
Ishtar, a goddess of sexuality and warfare, was one of the most important deities in Mesopotamia and the city of Nineveh was one of her principal cult centres.
This statue may represent one of the attendants of Ishtar in her role as goddess of love.
A cuneiform inscription on the back states that it was erected by the Assyrian king Ashur-bel-kala (reigned 1073-1056 BC) for the enjoyment of his people.
The inscription ends with a curse on anyone who attempts to remove it, saying that the Sibitti, gods of the West, 'will afflict him with a snake bite'.

[url=http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/europe/western/western.html]http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/
europe/western/western.html[/url]
:mopper:



Edited By admin on 07 september 2003 at 23:24
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Berichtdoor willy » vr 29 aug , 2003 15:24

Painted terracotta figurine of a woman

Afbeelding

Halaf culture, about 5000 BC
From Chagar Bazar, north-east Syria

Figurines like this from the Halaf period (about 5300-4800 BC), either from terracotta or unbaked clay, were probably made for magical or religious purposes.
In this example there is a strong emphasis on the figure's thighs and breasts.
Her head is missing: in other figures of this type the face is pinched out to form a large nose or chin, but is otherwise featureless.
The bands of black painted on the figure may represent bracelets and anklets as well as armlets, a necklace and a broad loincloth.
Further decorations on the breasts may represent body paint or tattoos.
During the Halaf period northern Mesopotamia shared similar forms of pottery, architecture and technology, while some of the earliest farming and fishing communities were emerging in southern Mesopotamia.

Height: 8 cm
Width: 5.08 cm

[url=http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/europe/western/western.html]http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/
europe/western/western.html[/url]
:mopper:



Edited By admin on 07 september 2003 at 23:26
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Berichtdoor willy » vr 29 aug , 2003 15:26

Terracotta figure of a woman suckling a child

Afbeelding
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Berichtdoor willy » vr 29 aug , 2003 15:29

Afbeelding

Tekst bij: Terracotta figure of a woman suckling a child

Ubaid culture, about 4500 BC
From Ur, southern Iraq

A 'lizard' figurine

Leonard Woolley found this figure, along with a few bones and a clay vessel, in a poorly preserved grave within the cemetery at Ur.
It is typical of other figures, generally from graves, found at Ur and the nearby site of Eridu.
It is not known what they were made for, but they may represent ancestors, symbols of fertility, votive objects or perhaps simply toys.
Baked clay figures of humans from 6000-4000 BC have been found widely throughout Mesopotamia.
Many depict women, often suckling a child, but there are rare examples of men.
As a general rule, figures like this from the south are much slimmer than those from the north.
The child's head is elongated and has slanted eyes, shaped like a coffee bean.
This is also typical for the adult figures (when the head survives).
These stylized heads have given the figures their name of 'lizard' figurines.
Bitumen is often used to suggest hair.
Ears are not shown and the nose is only represented by holes for the nostrils.
The body of this figure is decorated with bands of black/brown paint around the neck, waist, and nipples.
Dots on the right shoulder and stripes on the left may represent tattoo marks.
Other similar figures have pieces of clay attached to the shoulders, perhaps representing beads.

Height: 13.8 cm
Width: 4.9 cm


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Berichtdoor willy » vr 29 aug , 2003 15:33

Alabaster 'Eye Idols'

Afbeelding

Afbeelding

From Tell Brak, north-eastern Syria, about 3500-3300 BC

Tell Brak is the modern name of a huge site in north Mesopotamia, which was clearly one of the most important cities in the region during the late prehistoric period. Monumental buildings appear to have been rebuilt over many centuries.
It was at one of these, known today as the Eye Temple, that the archaeologist Max Mallowan excavated hundreds of these miniature figurines, with their pronounced eyes.
They may represent worshippers, placed as offerings.
The figurines have been grouped into five types.
Some have a single pair of eyes, with or without decoration; some have three, four or six eyes; some have small 'child' eye figures carved on their front (like here), and on others the eyes have been drilled through.
Examples of figurines with drilled eyes have been found at a number of sites of this period across north Mesopotamia.
Recent excavations at Tell Brak have confirmed their date.

Height: 3.5 cm

[url=http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/europe/western/western.html]http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/
europe/western/western.html[/url]
:mopper:

Edited By admin on 07 september 2003 at 23:13
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Berichtdoor willy » vr 29 aug , 2003 15:36

Gypsum statue of a woman

Afbeelding

From Mesopotamia
Early Dynastic period, about 2400-2300 BC
Placed in a temple as an act of devotion

This statue is typical of stone figures of men and women placed in temples as an act of devotion.
It is not known where this example originally came from, but similar figures have been discovered in the city of Ur.
They were probably meant to represent the donor and, as here, are generally shown standing with their hands held in veneration before the image of the god.
The style of the figures often reflects contemporary fashions in hair and dress.
The figure here wears a diadem, perhaps helping to holding the hair up in buns on each side of her face.
Her eyes, and possibly the eyebrows, would have originally been inlaid.
The eyebrows meet in the middle, often considered a sign of beauty.
Many groups of these figurines have been discovered buried in temples.
They may have been hidden after the donor had died.
Alternatively, they may have been simply cleared away when there became too many, but were considered too sacred to be re-used or thrown away.

Height: 22,54 cm

[url=http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/europe/western/western.html]http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/
europe/western/western.html[/url]
:mopper:

Edited By admin on 07 september 2003 at 23:15
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Berichtdoor willy » vr 29 aug , 2003 15:38

Terracotta statue of a woman

Afbeelding

Probably Old Babylonian, about 2000-1700 BC
From Mesopotamia

Traces of red paint show that this statue was originally painted.
It was probably placed in a temple.
Images of women are not generally common, though it has been possible to learn something about the status of women in ancient Mesopotamia from documents dating from 2400 BC until around the time when this statue was made.
Queens often controlled their own estates, had their own administration and played an important role in the economic life of the state.
Wives of governors were also active in the textile and other industries.
Women could own land, orchards, slaves, oxen and silver.
It is clear that women had the same legal rights as men, and that they could go to court to protect them.
They could apparently act independently, buying and selling houses, and could act as guarantor for another person.
Further down the social scale, the main occupation of women was weaving.
Texts also mention the number of their children, who were probably taken to work, as many of them are suckling babies.
Boys were separated when grown up and the girls raised to become weavers like their mothers.
Many, but not all, are slaves (as a result of warfare).
A great number were possibly connected with a-ru-a, an institution where objects, animals or people were donated to temples.

Height: 40,2 cm
Width: 36,8 cm (max.)


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Berichtdoor willy » vr 29 aug , 2003 15:41

Pottery juglet

Afbeelding

Amorite, about 2400-2000 BC
From the Middle Euphrates region, Syria

This juglet, with its applied figurine, is pierced at the base and may have been a strainer.
Alternatively it could have been used a sprinkler, by clamping a thumb over the top when the vessel was filled with liquid, then withdrawing it gently and so releasing the pressure.
Much of the Middle Euphrates region now lies beneath the waters of a lake.
Between 1963 and 1973 an international rescue mission excavated many sites in the area, which was threatened by flooding as a result of the construction of the Tabqa dam.
These excavations revealed a distinctive regional culture.
During the period from about 2400 to 2000 BC, northern Mesopotamia and Syria appear to have been dominated by a number of expanding sites.
Mari on the Euphrates and Ebla (modern Tell Mardikh, south-west of Aleppo) were among the most important.
Over 8000 inscribed clay tablets discovered at Ebla show close contact with Mari and indicate that the site wielded extensive political power.
Contacts with cities in the south of Mesopotamia were also significant.
At the end of the third millennium BC King Sargon, or Naram-Sin, who was ruler of Agade, one of these southern cities, campaigned into the north and destroyed Ebla, thus changing the balance of power.

Height: 15,2 cm
Diameter: 8 cm

[url=http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/europe/western/western.html]http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/
europe/western/western.html[/url]
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Edited By admin on 07 september 2003 at 23:31
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Berichtdoor willy » vr 29 aug , 2003 15:44

Human figurines

Afbeelding

Proto-Urban Period (3300-3100 BC)
From Bab edh-Dhra, southern Jordan

These three figurines were found in Tomb G2 in the extensive cemetery near the Early Bronze Age site of Bab edh-Dhra, situated on the southern plain of the Dead Sea in Jordan.
The tomb had a fairly shallow vertical shaft, 1.3 metres deep, which had been dug into the natural gravel layers.
The shaft led to a single doorway, found blocked with boulders, which gave access to an oval tomb chamber measuring approximately 2.2 by 1.8 metres.
The tomb contained the disarticulated skeletal remains of two individuals, one adult, the other a teenager.
The tomb also contained thirty pottery vessels and these three crude human figurines.
The pottery (and thus the tomb) can be dated to tthe Proto-Urban period, earlier than any of the pottery found at the town site itself.
This suggests that the tomb may have been constructed by people, perhaps pastoralists, who used the area as a burial ground but who had not yet settled in permanent accommodation.
This might account for the state of the skeletal remains: the deceased may have died some distance away and their bones collected and deposited in the tomb some time after the flesh had decayed.
The three figurines are made of unfired clay.
Although very crude, two clearly represent males.
The third might either be female or has lost a small piece of clay.

Height: 10,3 cm (max.)


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Berichtdoor els » vr 29 aug , 2003 23:39

Wow, dat je dat allemaal zo snel kan vinden, Willy. Ik snap niet hoe je het doet. Ik vind het echt geweldig, hoor.
Ik moet inderdaad wel een paar afbeeldingen wat verkleinen, want het rolt allemaal van mijn scherm af. Maar helaas heb ik een paar dagen geen tijd om dit te doen, dus het kan pas volgende week.
els
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Berichtdoor willy » za 30 aug , 2003 10:55

Els, bedankt voor uw welgemeende ophemeling, het doet altijd plezier als iemand begrijpt dat het niet vanzelf gaat
Moeilijk om het allemaal te vinden is het niet, u moet alleen veel tijd hebben zoals ik.
Ook weet ik niet altijd of ik de afbeelding wel zo plaatsen omdat ik mij niet in u kan verplaatsen om te weten of het interessant genoeg is.
Er zijn tientallen vrouwenbeeldjes die ik niet plaats omdat zij ofwel te jong zijn of teveel op elkaar lijken: zoals de beelden van de Cycladen en de Ooggodinnen.
Els, waarschijnlijk zult u dat zelf wel ondervonden hebben maar de afbeeldingen van 27 augustus van het Metropolitan Museum zijn van een tentoonstelling, daardoor zijn zij ook niet vergroot daar de URL dan niet meer werkte.
Maar als u de Web-site opent dan bestaat de mogelijkheid die wel te vergroten voor uw persoonlijk archief, wat voor beeldjes als Nissaba en sommige andere een veel mooier en duidelijker zicht oplevert.
Sorry als u dat al gedaan hebt, dit heeft niets te maken met mij slimmer te voelen, verre van zelf.

Groetjes, Willy

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Berichtdoor willy » zo 31 aug , 2003 16:33

Syro Hittite terracotta idol (mother goddess)

Afbeelding

With typical stylized birdlike features.
The Hittites were of Indo-European origin (around Northern Syria and Anatolia) between 2200 - 800BC.
Their culture flourished between 1200 - 800BC until it was conquered by the Assyrians.

Period: 2000 BC
Height: 6,5 cm


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Berichtdoor willy » zo 31 aug , 2003 16:37

Syro Hittite terracotta idol

Afbeelding

http://www.traces.nu/artifacts_ancient/ ... dol_2b.jpg

Afbeelding

With typical stylized birdlike features.
Period: 2000 BC
Height: 6 cm


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Berichtdoor willy » zo 31 aug , 2003 16:42

Syro Hittite terracotta idol (zijzicht)

Afbeelding


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Edited By admin on 05 september 2003 at 10:13
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Berichtdoor willy » zo 31 aug , 2003 17:02

Tel Halaf Culture

Afbeelding

Afbeelding

ca 5000-4500 BC
Painted terracotta

Fertility goddess with large hips, her hands support large pendulous breasts, with a narrow head, expertly repaired (these are virtually never found intact as they were apparently broken as part of their ritual use)

8.5 cm tall


:mopper:

Els ik kan deze afbeelding niet kleiner maken, waarom weet ik niet. Weet gij soms raad, anders verwijder het liever. ???



Edited By admin on 05 september 2003 at 10:09
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Berichtdoor willy » ma 01 sep , 2003 15:10

Anthropomorphic vessel

Afbeelding

Iron Age I - II (ca. 1400-800 B.C.E.)
Earthenware
H: 47.0 W: 15.5 D: 12.5 cm
Northern, Iran

Similar vases made in the form of a human female have been found in graves in the region southwest of the Caspian Sea in northern Iran.
The emphasis on buttocks, pelvis, and breasts suggests that it represents a fertility goddess.
Some examples preserve wire earrings inserted in the pierced ears of the figures.


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Berichtdoor willy » ma 01 sep , 2003 15:13

Female figurine

Afbeelding

Second Intermediate Period. (ca.1630-1539/23 B.C.E.
Dynasty 12-18 (ca. 1991-1300 B.C.E.)
Terracotta
H: 16.3 / W: 5.4 / D: 2.9 cm
Egypt

This type of "doll" figure has been found in ancient Egypt in graves dating from Dynasties 12 to 18 (ca. 1938–1539 B.C.E.).
This particular example most closely resembles examples that have been dated to the Second Intermediate Period (ca. 1630–1539/23 B.C.E.).
These figurines, which clearly symbolized fertility, were placed in graves to ensure the rebirth and fertility of the deceased in the next world.
The holes in the ears of this figure would likely have contained beaded earrings at one time, and the perforations on the top of the head were used to attach strings of clay beads in imitation of flowing hair.
The coils of pierced clay around the neck were made to imitate heavy necklaces.


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Berichtdoor willy » ma 01 sep , 2003 15:17

Female and male figurines

Afbeelding

Syria (Tell Judeideh), Early Bronze Age, about 3200-2800 B.C.
Low-tin bronze with silver
Height female: 19 cm / Height male: 17.8 cm

Among the oldest surviving metal sculptures from the ancient Near East, these figurines were excavated at an Early Bronze Age site in northern Syria, along with four similar figures that all appeared to have been wrapped in cloth before burial. Cast in an unusual bronze alloy, these lively figures are nude; the woman (who once had silver jewels and curls) holds her breasts, and the man, who wears only a wide belt and a silver helmet, originally grasped small bronze weapons.
Such figures may have been intended to magically enhance fertility and virility.


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Berichtdoor willy » ma 01 sep , 2003 20:17

Female Figurine

Afbeelding

c. 1000-200 B.C.
Japan
Jomon period (c. 10,500-300 B.C.)
Low-fired clay
20.1 x 13.0 x 6.0 cm

Jomon, meaning "cord-marked," refers to the impressions left from rolling twisted rope across the surface of moist clay.
The purpose of Jomon figurines is not known, but they may have been used as protective charms or fertility symbols.
Most were excavated from pit dwellings, burial sites, or simple shrines.
The figurines exhibit a variety of abstract, humanoid shapes that are highly imaginative.
This work has a hollow, thin-walled body supported by short tubular legs and wide hips.
The cord-marked patterning on the face, chest, and hips is characteristic of late Japanese Neolithic pottery.


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Berichtdoor willy » ma 01 sep , 2003 20:19

Seated Woman

Afbeelding
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Berichtdoor willy » ma 01 sep , 2003 20:22

Seated Woman (tekst bij afbeelding)

c. 1500-1200 B.C.
Mexico, Guerrero, Xochipala
Pre-Classic period (c. 1600-100 B.C.)
Ceramic
11.1 x 8.0 x 7.3 cm

Images of women vastly outnumber those of men among small Pre-Classic ceramic sculptures.
They range from the simplest shorthand expressions of femininity--though usually with well-realized, animated, and elaborately coiffed heads, even when only two inches in overall height--to images like this figure, so specifically detailed that one feels they must have been portraits.
The Xochipala figures are named after the remote west Mexican village near which all known examples have been found.
The style is one of extraordinary physical presence and naturalism for its period.
Also typical of the corpus are the small size and granular ceramic medium.


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Berichtdoor willy » di 02 sep , 2003 13:32

Female Pillar Figurine

Afbeelding

1000-586 BCE
Clay: hand-formed body, mold-formed head, fired
15.5 x 7.5 cm.

Many examples of this female figure, dating from the Israelite period, were found in homes and tombs.
What was their function?
They may have been part of a folk religion practiced by women.
Alternatively, some scholars speculate they may have represented a second deity in addition to YHWH — his consort Asherah.
These scholars believe that Jews' monotheism developed over time, and that in the meantime, Jews practiced monolatry — they believed that other gods existed, but chose to follow only one.


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Berichtdoor willy » di 02 sep , 2003 13:35

Standing Lady

Afbeelding

Probably from Giza
Old Kingdom, beginning of 6th dynasty, c. 2200 BC
Limestone; H 42.8 cm

The woman is wearing a shoulder-length wig with daintily woven hair, the white dress with shoulder straps worn by ladies of the upper class and a broad collar.
The straps and collar are depicted in paint, only traces of which remain today.
She is standing erect, her arms hang at her sides but are not pressed to her body, and a bridge connect them to it.
The full face has individual features in which one can perhaps recognise a cheerful, somewhat mischievous disposition.
The execution and format of the statue make it very likely that it comes from the closed worship chamber (serdâb) of one of the numerous mastaba tombs in the necropolis of Giza.


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Berichtdoor willy » wo 03 sep , 2003 13:58

Afbeelding

A figure with marked disproportionate head to body size.
This is a meticulously crafted piece, painted, representing a woman wearing tunic, necklace, and nose ring.
Bahia Culture (500 BC - 500 AD), Ecuador
Dimensions: H: 21cm; W: 9cm; T: 4cm


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Berichtdoor willy » do 04 sep , 2003 14:59

The Didarganj Yakshi or The Chauri (Fly Whisk) Bearer

Afbeelding

Mauryan era, 322 BC - 185 BC

Didarganj Yakshi, agreed by art historians without exception as the finest piece of Indian sculpture ever produced.
This 5'4" tall statue is carved out of a single piece of stone.
It has been dated with certainty to the Asokan period.
The prominent breasts, the narrow waist, the creases on the lower abdomen, and broad hips, are classic features of feminine beauty of all ages.
Equally striking is the depiction of clothes with which her body is draped.
Elegantly folded and pleated in the front, held in place by exquisite waist ornaments (kamar-bund.).
Noteworthy also is the beauty of the ornaments that adorn this female figure from her head to toe.
The fly whisk (the chauri) seen in her right hand can still be found at wedding ceremonies all over Bihar.
The slight bend in the left leg endows the statue with a subtle impression of graceful motion, which some observers have described as the "gait of a swan" or maralagimini.

The most important and significant sculpture is the Yakshi from Didarganj.
She is a large, buxom woman, more than life-size, carved out of a yellowish standstone which was obtained from the mines of chunar in Bihar.
She is an attendant figure, or Chauri bearer (with a fly whisk), carved in the round. The Yakshi wears a fine lower garment, held in place by a belt of many chains.
Her huge anklets, bangles and earrings are not unusual in design, and similar jewellery in silver is still worn by women in many parts of India.
The kind of fly whisk she holds was traditionally made from the hair from a horse's tail.
The glossy sheen of the sculpted surface is quite spectacularly beautiful, a characteristic feature of most Mauryan sculpture.
The Didarganj Yakshi is over 2,000 years old, and the lustrous finish of the stone remains soft and shiny even today.

The dispersal of Persian craftsmen when the Achaemenid empire was overrun by the Greeks in the 4th century B.C. may have contributed to the monumental stylization of the figures of lions in the Ashokan pillar, that has been adopted as India's national emblem.
But the Mauryan age also evolved a gentler style and the sympathetic treatment of animals continues throughout in Indian sculpture.
The Yakshas and Yakshis(spirits of hills and trees) are at first rather rigid figures but the feminine figure soon becomes sensuously refined, even though remaining ample in the Didarganj Yakshi.
The Sunghas who replaced the Mauryas in the 2nd century B.C. further refined the Yakshi figure with elaborate carved costume and jewellery, linked tree and women with the nexus of fertility.
The Satvahanas (2nd century B.C. to 2nd century A.D.) further developed these traditions.
The dyrads of Sanchi are the most lissome representations of the type.
In the north-west regions, in the Indo-Greek kingdoms that emerged in the wake of the invasion of Alexander, the plastic vision of ancient Europe merged with Buddhist spirituality to create the art of Gandhara.
The Mathura scholl of art was in the main a prolongation of the earlier traditions.
The feminine Yakshi figure, however, lost its links with the woods and became a self-consciously seductive damsel of the city.

This superb sculpture was once an upright post for a railing that circumscribed a gateway or a stupa from the Mathura region of Northern India.
On each side is a yakshi (nature goddess), who with their large breasts and wide hips represent the Indian pinnacle of female beauty and motherhood.
These goddesses are heavily adorned with large anklets, bracelets, girdles, necklaces and earplugs.
The heavy jewelry denotes abundance as does the bundle of grain and the wine cup that they hold in their right hands.
These yakshis were probably prayed to by women wanting safety in childbirth and prosperity for their husbands.
In an agricultural community they are seen as the goddesses of a good harvest.


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Berichtdoor willy » do 04 sep , 2003 17:23

Mother Goddess Figure

Afbeelding

3rd century B.C.
India (Bengal) Mauryan Dynasty, 321-185 B.C.
Earthenware, 11 3/4 x 5 7/8"

This figure was probably a votive representation of the mother goddess, bestower of fertility and a prototype of the later Hindu goddesses Maya-devi and Lakshmi.
The female is the symbol of fertility, life, and renewal.
In the case of India, the antecedents of these figures can be traced to the early Harappan civilization that inhabited the Indus River valley.
This Mauryan example is a direct linear descendant of fertility figures found at the Indus valley site of Mohenjendaro.
This figure illustrates the classic Hindu ideal of feminine beauty: fully rounded breasts, extremely narrow waist, and large hips.
The large hips denote maternity and fertility, and the breasts the bounty of life. Although the figure was made from molds, there are few, if any, duplicates.
Among existing figures there is a great variety of detail.


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Berichtdoor willy » do 04 sep , 2003 17:26

Yakshi

Afbeelding

1st century B.C.
India (Bengal/Tamluk)
Earthenware, 9 3/4 x 4 1/2"

Yakshis were ancient feminine manifestations of fertility associated with trees and water.
The fecund nature of this figure is enhanced by her elaborate jewelry and hair style, in which she wears the five auspicious emblematic hairpins (panchchuba), all adding a quality of opulence and well- being to the icon.
Also, like other such Yakshi plaques this one was "mass produced" from a mold and would have been an item obtained by common folk at a pilgrimage center for votive use in their household shrines.
The hole centered at the top of the plaque facilitated mounting in such humble shrines.
This plaque, like a number of other related ones, most likely was recovered from the Tamluk area which was an ancient seaport at the mouth of the Ganges, today in modern West Bengal.


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Berichtdoor willy » do 04 sep , 2003 17:29

Pregnant Goddess with animal head

Afbeelding

C.2500 B.C.

Indus Valley, Delhi National Museum
Indian Terracottas-Brooklyin Museum of Art


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Berichtdoor willy » do 04 sep , 2003 17:32

Female figure hand molded

Afbeelding

1st M, B.C.

Indian Terracottas-Brooklyn Museum of Art
Swat Valley, NYMET Museum


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Berichtdoor willy » do 04 sep , 2003 17:34

Female figure

Afbeelding

C.320-200 B.C.

Mathura region, Maurya
Indian Terracottas-Brooklyn Museum of Art


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Berichtdoor willy » do 04 sep , 2003 17:44

The Didarganj Yakshi or The Chauri (Fly Whisk) Bearer

Afbeelding


Vervanging van afbeelding
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Berichtdoor els » vr 05 sep , 2003 9:25

Zoals je ziet heb ik een paar afbeeldingen aangepast, Willy. De grote afbeeldingen zijn nog altijd te zien via de link. Ik heb ze trouwens ook bewaard.
Maar het gaat niet zo snel, dus helaas, nu moet ik alweer naar m'n werk. Ik ga later verder.
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Berichtdoor willy » vr 05 sep , 2003 12:48

Statuette of the Leopard Goddess

Afbeelding

Limestone, from Catalhoyuk
First half of the 6th millenium BC.
Height 11.8cm.


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