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The Sanctuary Of Aphrodite
Prof. Dr. Franz Georg Maier
University of Zurich
Aphrodite's Temple at Paphos was renowned throughout the ancient world for its antiquity and fabulous wealth. The sanctuary was one of the great religious centres of the Greek and Roman world: the blend of age-old Aegean and Oriental rites in the cult ceremonies lent it a particular attraction. Prominence and distinction of the Paphian shrine amongst Aphrodite's sanctuaries rested on the widely accepted claim that the Paphos coast had seen the goddess rise from the foam of the sea near the rock of Petra tou Romiou, a few miles southeast of Kouklia. The geographical setting of the sanctuary was of consequence for the history of the cult: due to the proximity of Syria, the Paphian Aphrodite combined in a remarkable way Greek religious ideas with traditions of the Phoenician Astarte.
Compared with other great cult centres of Antiquity, such as Delphi or Olympia, the archaeological investigation of the important religious site at Palaepaphos was delayed for a long time. After a three months' campaign of the Cyprus Exploration Fund in 1888, the systematic excavation of the much delapidated remains was resumed as late as in 1973 under the auspices of the German Archaeological Institute and the University of Zurich. Nine seasons of field work (1973-1975-1979-1993-1995) enabled us to reconstruct the main outlines of the sanctuary's development.
The history of the settlement on the site of Kouklia/Palaepaphos spans a time of nearly 5000 years, from c. 2800 B.C. to the present day. In the Sanctuary of Aphrodite an unbroken continuity of cult has been established definitely for more than 1500 years, from the Late Bronze Age (c. 1200 B.C.) to the Late Roman period (end of the 4th century A.D.). There is reason to believe, furthermore, that the cult already originated in the Chalcolithic period. Thus Aphrodite's temple at Palaepaphos represents the sanctuary with the longest cult tradition recorded so far in Cyprus.
In the Late Bronze Age, the dominant position of Palaepaphos in southwestern Cyprus was no doubt enhanced by its sanctuary, which rivalled the great temples of Enkomi of Kition. The first monumental shrine on the site was erected around 1200 B.C.. Plan and evelation of these earliest buildings cannot be reconstructed in every detail, as the Late Bronze Age structures suffered severely in the course of the centuries. But it is certain that the Paphian temple combined a large open temenos with a smaller, covered holy-of-holies. Its architecture represented the Near Eastern type of court sanctuary which occurs - together with the typical horns of consecration, stepped capitals, and fine ashlar masonry - on other contemporary Cypriot sites. Palaepaphos is, however, remarkable amongst the Late Cypriot sanctuaries for the monumental character of its megalithic temenos wall and the pillared hall adjoining it to the North. The conical stone symbol of the goddess, depicted later on Hellenistic seal impressions and Roman coins, most likely stood in the centre of the holy precinct.
We cannot name the goddess venerated in the Late Cypriot Sanctuary of Paphos, but is seems reasonably certain that her cult goes back to much earlier times, as do other indigenous fertility cults in Cyprus. A large cult idol and a number of small cruciform figurines, partly found in the sanctuary area, point to the existence of such a cult at Paphos in the Chalcolithic period. The aniconic worship of the goddess at Paphos may well have been a legacy from such an autochthonous rite. The traditional fertility cult practised by the Late Cypriot population was then transformed by the immigrants from the Aegean into the cult of the Graeco-Phoenician Aphrodite.
When the first Greeks reached Palaepaphos, Homer's "sacred precinct and altar fragrant with incense" must have been already an old-established religious centre. It remains uncertain whether the construction of the first monumental sanctuary of Aphrodite was connected with the coming of Aegean settlers to Palaepaphos. Yet there is no doubt that the arrival of Greeks in the later 12th or early 11th century was an event of crucial importance in the history of the city. The archaeological evidence shows that the two apparently conflicting literary traditions about the foundation of town and sanctuary do not exclude each other, but are in fact complementary. According to Pausanias, Aphrodite's temple was built by Agapenor, the Arcadian king of Tegea and hero of the Trojan war. Another legend assigns the foundation of the sanctuary to the indigenous king Kinyras, to whom the royal house of Paphos traced their descent. Both versions contain a nucleus of historical truth: the existence of a large pre-Greek Cypriot settlement with an autochthonous fertility cult, and the later arrival of Greek settlers who made Hellenism a decisive factor in the further history of the city.
During the Geometric, Archaic, and Classical periods (c. 1025-325 B.C.) Paphos retained its prominent role in the West of the island. Again, this was in no small measure due to Aphrodite's temple: in the city of the priest-kings of the Kinyrad dynasty the sanctuary must have been at least as important as the royal palace. The Archaic and Classical periods are, however, the least known in the history of the Paphian shrine, as a thorough Roman remodelling obliterated all traces of earlier buildings save for part of the Late Bronze Age Sanctuary. Yet there is rich evidence for the unbroken life of the sanctuary, both in ancient literature and in finds from the site itself. Most notable are several thousand fragments of Archaic and Classical votive terracottas - small -showman technique' figurines as well as competently executed larger statues. The image of the "goddess with uplifted arms" dominates amongst these votive gifts-evidence of strong Aegean influence upon the original fertility cult. Yet a number of votives also exhibit distinctive Phoenician traits, reflecting the impact of Astarte on the worship of Aphrodite. In the Late Classical period, finally, the Paphian goddess is depicted by types common in the representation of Aphrodite in Greece.
The beginning of the Hellenistic period marked a major change in the history of the city. Around 320 BC the harbour town of Nea Paphos was founded, and part of the population was transferred to this new administrative and economic centre. The Sanctuary of the Paphian Aphrodite remained, however, one of the celebrated shrines of the Mediterranean world, and this most probably saved the old city from a relapse into village existence. In Hellenistic and Roman times Palaepaphos (as it was now called) was still a town of some wealth and consequence, whose sanctuary attracted visitors from all over the Empire.
The Roman Sanctuary of Aphrodite, covering an area of 79x67 metres, was erected at the end of the 1st or at the beginning of the 2nd century A.D.-possibly after the earthquake of 76/77 A.D. had damaged the earlier structures. The sanctuary, as it would have appeared to a visitor in the 2nd century A.D., comprised a fairly complex group of buildings of different periods. One of its peculiar features was the incorporation, with some slight remodelling, of the Hall and parts of the Temenos of the Late Bronze Age sanctuary. Two of the new Roman component buildings of the Sanctuary, the South Stoa and the North Hall, can be reconstructed to a certain extent. They formed cultic banqueting halls with mosaic floors which were surrounded on all sides by c.3.0. m wide raised platforms. Similar banqueting halls were excavated in the Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates at Kourion and at Pergamon. There is no reference in the ancient literary tradition, however, to cultic meals as a part of the religious rites of the Paphian goddess.
The Roman buildings represent the last stage in the long architectural history of the Paphian shrine. A large open enclosure, bordered by halls and and other buildings, housed a maze of altars, statues, votive offerings and religious monuments. The Paphian Aphrodite thus never possessed a temple of classical Graeco-Roman type, nor was the goddess ever represented by an anthropomorphic cult image. It seems remarkable that even the new structures of the Roman period retained the basic character of the open court sanctuary. The architecture of the Paphian Sanctuary thus combined to the end Western and Oriental traditions, preserving in its plan the Near Eastern antecedents of the cult place.
The innermost shrine of the goddess, housing the conical symbol of fertility, must have stood either in the Roman Court or still in the Temenos of the old Sanctuary. No vestiges of it were discovered despite a meticulous search during the excavation. This lends plausibility to the hypothesis that the holy-of-holies was not a large, solidly walled building but rather a lofty, canopy like structure of pillars supporting awnings which left no lasting traces on the ground. Yet the cult symbol of the goddess survived; some years ago the |black stone' returned from Nicosia to the Kouklia Museum.
Due to large-scale medieval disturbances on the site it is impossible to determine, when this imposing building complex was destroyed. Nor do we know whether the earthquakes of the 4th century AD, which severely hit Nea Paphos and Kourion, contributed to the decline of the Paphian Sanctuary. It appears, on the other hand, fairly safe to assume that the cult of the Paphian Goddess of Love did not survive - at least in public - the reign of the emperor Theodosius I who in 391 AD outlawed all pagan religions.
Until recently the "Panayia Galatarkiotissa" was venerated at a large monolith in the northern part of the sanctuary. This block must once have formed part of the Late Bronze Age sanctuary, but was moved, as we know now, to its present position hardly before the 19th century. But even so it may represent a last echo of thousands of years of fertility cult practised on the site. l
For further reading see:
F.G. Maier, The Temple of Aphrodite at Old Paphos. Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus 1975, 69-80.
F.G. Maier - V. Karageorghis, Paphos. History and Archaeology, Nicosia 1984.
Catharina werd in de derde eeuw geboren in Alexandrie in Egypte als de dochter van koning Costus. Veel van haar is ons niet bekend en het meeste van haar leven berust op legendes. Wel weten we dat ze zeer mooi was, rijk en hoog begaafd. Vooral haar onovertroffen trost was niet te overzien. Geen enkele vrijer was haar goed. Altijd was er wel iets dat niet deugde.Op een dag, zo vertelt de legende, trof Catharina een oude kluizenaar die haar vertelde dat Jezus Christus haar bruidegom zou worden. Deze uitspraak maakte een diepe indruk op het meisje en ze besloot de gemaakte fouten voorgoed te vereffenen en een nieuw leven te beginnen. Ze ging naar een priester en liet zich dopen.
Kort daarop werd er in de stad een feest gevierd ter ere van de goden en iedereen die iets betekende werd uitgenodigd aan dit feest deel te nemen. Ook Catharina ontving deze uitnodiging en werd verzocht iets mee te nemen om aan de goden te offeren. Ze besloot naar Alexandrie te gaan met de bedoeling om de keizer te vertellen dat hun goden afgoden waren en niet vereerd mochten worden.
Door haar geweldige redens kunst wist zij de heersers in verlegenheid te brengen. De keizer riep daarop de 50 beste filosofen en retoren bij elkaar met de bedoeling om haar met haar uitspraken door de mand te laten vallen. Maar toen het moment daar was werden alle argumenten die zij allen aanvoerden met de grond gelijk gemaakt. En iedereen daar aanwezig bekeerden zich tot het christendom. De woedende keizer veroordeelde daarop de 50 geleerden tot de brandstapel. Tot het laatste moment stond Catharina de 50 mannen terzijde. Daarop werd zij zelf gevangen genomen en in de kerker geworpen. Vreselijke folteringen beging men aan haar. Ze werd op raderen met nagels gebonden.
Wekenlang liet men haar hierop liggen zonder voedsel. Steeds weer stond zij gezond en wel voor de keizer en vertelde hem zijn dwalingen. Tenslotte liet de keizer haar in het jaar 306 onthoofden zodat hij van haar verlost zou zijn.Catharina behoort tot een van de veertien noodhelpers.
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